Research & Citations

Stock status & management

• Status of Australian Fish Stocks Reports 2024primary(2024)
  Fisheries Research and Development Corporation · id: safs-2024
  National stock assessment covering 100+ species across Commonwealth and state jurisdictions.
• Harvest strategies for Commonwealth fisheriesprimary(2024)
  Australian Fisheries Management Authority · id: afma-harvest-strategies
• Bycatch and discarding policyprimary(2023)
  Australian Fisheries Management Authority · id: afma-bycatch
• NSW stock status reportsprimary(2024)
  NSW Department of Primary Industries — Fisheries · id: nsw-dpi-stock
• Victorian fisheries stock statusprimary(2024)
  Victorian Fisheries Authority · id: vfa-stock
• SA fisheries stock statusprimary(2024)
  Primary Industries and Regions South Australia · id: pirsa-fisheries
• Western Australian fisheries status reportsprimary(2024)
  WA Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development · id: wa-dpird-fisheries
• Queensland stock status reportsprimary(2024)
  Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries · id: qld-fisheries
• Tasmanian fisheries assessment reportsprimary(2024)
  Tasmanian Department of Natural Resources and Environment / IMAS · id: tas-nre-fisheries
• Northern Territory fisheries statusprimary(2024)
  NT Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade — Fisheries · id: nt-fisheries
• Western Australia Rock Lobster — first fishery certifiedprimary(2000)
  Marine Stewardship Council · id: msc-wrl-2000
• Queensland Spanner Crab Fishery — MSC certifiedprimary(2016)
  Marine Stewardship Council · id: msc-spanner-crab
• MSC certified Australian fisheriesprimary(2024)
  Marine Stewardship Council · id: msc-registry
• GoodFish — Australia's Sustainable Seafood Guidesecondary(2024)
  Australian Marine Conservation Society · id: amcs-goodfish

Production & economics

• Australian fisheries and aquaculture statistics 2023primary(2024)
  ABARES (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) · id: abares-fisheries-stats
  Annual statistical compendium covering volume, value, exports, employment.
• Agricultural commodities and outlook — fisheriesprimary(2024)
  ABARES · id: abares-outlook
• Australian seafood industry — economic contributionprimary(2023)
  Fisheries Research and Development Corporation · id: frdc-economic-contribution
• Seafood industry profilesecondary(2024)
  Seafood Industry Australia · id: sia-industry-profile
• Sydney Fish Market daily wholesale pricessecondary(2024)
  Sydney Fish Market · id: sfm-pricing
  Indicative wholesale pricing; retail prices typically 2-3x higher.
• Australian seafood workforce compositionprimary(2023)
  Fisheries Research and Development Corporation · id: frdc-workforce
• Tasmanian salmonid industry at a glancesecondary(2024)
  Salmon Tasmania · id: tas-salmon-industry
• Australia vs import supply-chain day estimateseditorial(2026)
  Country of Origin (editorial analysis) · id: editorial-supply-chain
  Derived estimate combining industry shipping schedules and cold-chain logistics; see per-species sources.
• Indicative Australian retail price ranges per specieseditorial(2026)
  Country of Origin (editorial analysis) · id: editorial-price-ranges
  Synthesised from Sydney Fish Market, independent fishmonger surveys, and industry sources. Dated: 2026 Q1.
• Australia vs import 'days from harvest to plate' editorial estimateeditorial(2026)
  Country of Origin (editorial analysis) · id: editorial-freshness-estimates
  Synthesised from Sydney Fish Market and Australian co-op chain-of-custody timelines for AUS, plus typical sea-freight + storage windows for imports. Per-species supply-chain timeline available on each species page.
• Australian seafood employment intensity per tonne (editorial estimate)editorial(2026)
  Country of Origin (editorial analysis) · id: editorial-jobs-estimates
  Derived from FRDC Economic Contribution reports + state fishery workforce data. Imported product is treated as zero AUS-FTE-per-tonne by definition (foreign labour); Australian numbers reflect direct fleet/farm/processor employment, excluding indirect supply chain.

Trade data

• International Trade in Goods (seafood)primary(2024)
  Australian Bureau of Statistics · id: abs-trade-seafood
• China-Australia Free Trade Agreementprimary(2024)
  Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade · id: dfat-china-ftas
• Australian seafood export overviewprimary(2024)
  Austrade · id: austrade-seafood-exports
• Approximately two-thirds of seafood consumed in Australia is importedestimate(2024)
  Derived from ABARES / ABS (2023) · id: abs-seafood-imports-66pc
  Widely cited industry figure; exact ratio varies 62–70% depending on season and species.

Nutrition

• NUTTAB Australian Food Composition Databaseprimary(2019)
  Food Standards Australia New Zealand · id: fsanz-nutrient-tables
• Fish, oils, omega-3 and heart healthprimary(2023)
  National Heart Foundation of Australia · id: heart-foundation-omega3
• Australian Dietary Guidelinesprimary(2013)
  National Health and Medical Research Council · id: nhmrc-dietary-guidelines
• Healthy diet — fats and fatty acidsprimary(2020)
  World Health Organization · id: who-omega3

Mercury, antibiotics & residues

• Mercury in fish — consumer adviceprimary(2024)
  Food Standards Australia New Zealand · id: fsanz-mercury-2024
• Australian Total Diet Study — 25th Studyprimary(2019)
  Food Standards Australia New Zealand · id: fsanz-tds
• Chemicals in food — surveillance and standardsprimary(2024)
  Food Standards Australia New Zealand · id: fsanz-residues
• Antimicrobial residues in imported seafood — surveysprimary(2022)
  Food Standards Australia New Zealand · id: fsanz-antibiotic-residues
• Imported Food Inspection Scheme — test resultsprimary(2024)
  Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry · id: daff-imported-food
• Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfishprimary(2022)
  US Food and Drug Administration · id: fda-mercury-fish
  US reference for comparative mercury ranges in Australian-caught species.
• FSANZ surveys + DAFF imported-food inspection — antibiotic detection in imported finfish & crustaceansestimate(2024)
  Derived from FSANZ + DAFF data · id: estimate-antibiotic-detection
  Detection rates synthesised across multiple FSANZ and DAFF survey cycles; individual species rates vary.

Labour & human rights

• Seafood from Slaves — Pulitzer-winning AP investigationprimary(2015)
  Associated Press · id: ap-investigation-2015
• Trafficking in Persons Report 2024primary(2024)
  United States Department of State · id: us-state-tip
• Choppy Waters — distant-water fleet investigationssecondary(2020)
  Greenpeace International · id: greenpeace-distant-water
• Caught at Sea — forced labour and trafficking in fisheriesprimary(2013)
  International Labour Organization · id: ilo-forced-labour-fishing
• Thailand's seafood slavessecondary(2019)
  Environmental Justice Foundation · id: ejf-thailand-shrimp

Environment & aquaculture

• The world's mangroves — assessmentprimary(2023)
  Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN · id: fao-mangroves
• Sustainable Shrimp Farmingsecondary(2023)
  WWF International · id: wwf-shrimp
• Cyanide fishing in the Coral Trianglesecondary(2022)
  Environmental Justice Foundation · id: greenpeace-cyanide
• CO₂ emissions from commercial aviation 2023primary(2023)
  International Council on Clean Transportation · id: icct-air-freight
• Australian Marine Parks networkprimary(2024)
  Parks Australia / DCCEEW · id: daff-mpa
• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zoning Plan 2003primary(2003)
  Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority · id: gbrmpa-zoning
• Climate change impacts on Australian fisheriesprimary(2023)
  CSIRO · id: csiro-climate-fisheries
• Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)primary(2024)
  IMOS / University of Tasmania · id: imos
• Transport emissions estimate for imported seafoodeditorial(2026)
  Country of Origin (editorial analysis) · id: editorial-carbon-footprint
  Combines ICCT air-freight emissions data with typical sea-freight modelling. Per-species detail varies.

Regulatory & legal

• Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth)primary(2018)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: modern-slavery-act-2018
• Competition and Consumer Act 2010 — Schedule 2 (ACL)primary(2010)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: acl-schedule-2
• Fisheries Management Act 1991 (Cth)primary(1991)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: fisheries-management-act-1991
• Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999primary(1999)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: epbc-act-1999
• Marine Order 504 — Certificates of operation and safety managementprimary(2023)
  Australian Maritime Safety Authority · id: amsa-fishing-vessels
• Seafood export controlsprimary(2024)
  Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry · id: aqis-export-controls

Labelling & mislabelling

• Country of Origin Food Labelling Information Standard 2025primary(2025)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: info-standard-2025
  Becomes enforceable 1 July 2026 for seafood for immediate consumption.
• Country of Origin Food Labelling Information Standard 2016primary(2016)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: coolfi-standard
• Country of origin claims guideprimary(2024)
  Australian Competition and Consumer Commission · id: accc-food-labelling
• Country of origin labellingprimary(2025)
  Department of Industry, Science and Resources · id: industry-dept-cool
• Seafood Fraud — Global Studies Compilationsecondary(2021)
  Oceana · id: oceana-mislabelling
• DNA testing of Australian restaurant seafoodsecondary(2022)
  Australian Marine Conservation Society / Minderoo Foundation · id: amcs-dna
• CHOICE investigation — prawn origin labelling at retailsecondary(2022)
  CHOICE (Australian Consumers' Association) · id: choice-prawn-test
• AS SSA 5300 — Australian Fish Names Standardprimary(2022)
  Fisheries Research and Development Corporation · id: aff-fish-names-standard
• AMCS / Oceana / academic mislabelling meta-estimate for Australian retail & foodserviceestimate(2023)
  Derived from AMCS, Oceana, academic studies · id: estimate-mislabelling-rate
  Published studies report 10–30% mislabelling at foodservice depending on category; headline figure varies.

Indigenous fisheries

• Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)primary(1993)
  Australian Government — Federal Register of Legislation · id: native-title-1993
• Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] HCA 23primary(1992)
  High Court of Australia · id: mabo-1992
• Akiba v Commonwealth [2013] HCA 33 — Torres Strait fishing rightsprimary(2013)
  High Court of Australia · id: akiba-2013
• North Australian Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliancesecondary(2024)
  NAILSMA · id: nailsma
• Torres Strait Protected Zone Joint Authorityprimary(2024)
  Australian Fisheries Management Authority / TSRA · id: torres-strait-plan
• Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority — Coorong fisheriessecondary(2024)
  Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority · id: coorong-coop
• Northern Territory Indigenous Fisheries Strategyprimary(2022)
  NT Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade · id: nt-indigenous-fisheries-strategy

Operators & peak bodies

• Spencer Gulf & West Coast Prawn Boat Owners Associationsecondary(2024)
  Spencer Gulf & West Coast Prawn Boat Owners Association · id: sa-prawn-coop
• Australian Barramundi Farmers Association — industry datasecondary(2024)
  Australian Barramundi Farmers Association · id: abfa-barramundi
• Oysters Australia peak bodysecondary(2024)
  Oysters Australia Ltd · id: oysters-australia
• Fisheries Research and Development Corporationprimary(2024)
  Fisheries Research and Development Corporation · id: frdc
• Seafood Industry Australia — peak bodysecondary(2024)
  Seafood Industry Australia · id: sia
• Australian Recreational Fishing Foundationsecondary(2024)
  ARFF · id: ammpa
• National Aquaculture Council of Australiasecondary(2024)
  National Aquaculture Council · id: nacc-aquaculture
• OceanWatch Australiasecondary(2024)
  OceanWatch Australia · id: oceanwatch
• Professional Fishermen's Association NSWsecondary(2024)
  Professional Fishermen's Association · id: nsw-fishing-coop

Journalism & investigations

• ABC News — seafood origin labelling coveragesecondary(2024)
  Australian Broadcasting Corporation · id: abc-seafood-origin
• The Guardian — Tasmanian salmon industry coveragesecondary(2024)
  Guardian Australia · id: guardian-salmon-tas
• SBS Dateline — seafood fraud investigationssecondary(2022)
  Special Broadcasting Service · id: sbs-food-fraud

How we handle data quality

Where authoritative numbers exist we use them and mark them primary. Where reputable NGOs or industry bodies are the best available source we mark those secondary. Where we synthesise a number (e.g. a 5-year price trend) we mark it estimate. Where the text is our own interpretation — e.g. "the genuine article" or "premium" — we mark it editorial. You'll see these badges on data values throughout the site.

To update a source, edit src/data/citations.ts — every page that references the citation id reflects the change on next build. Found a gap or an outdated source? Let us know.